Windows Upgrade Help and more

You could also try manually installing the TPM 2.0 firmware update for your motherboard from AMD's website.

Agreed, those driver updates are key. Also, try temporarily disconnecting any non-essential USB devices before starting the upgrade—sometimes that weird error pops up if there's a peripheral conflict.

Yeah, You could also try the slmgr /rearm command in an admin Command Prompt, that sometimes kicks things back into gear. Let me know if that works.

This. Just to be sure, have you double-checked that Secure Boot and TPM 2.0 are actually enabled in your BIOS?

Yeah, but have you checked if TPM 2.0 is actually enabled in your BIOS? That's a common blocker.